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[ ORIGINAL ARTICLES ] | |
The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science - Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 225-244 | |
Abbreviation: Korean J. Pestic. Sci. | |
ISSN: 1226-6183 (Print) 2287-2051 (Online) | |
Print publication date 30 Sep 2018 | |
Received 07 Aug 2018 Revised 17 Sep 2018 Accepted 20 Sep 2018 | |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2018.22.3.225 | |
농약 제품 및 원제의 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성 비교 평가 | |
국립농업과학원 농산물안전성부 농자재평가과 | |
1국립식량과학원 작물기초기반과 | |
Comparison Assessment for Acute Oral and Dermal Toxicity of Plant Protection Products and Active Ingredients | |
Youmi Jo* ; Soojin Park ; Are-Sun You ; Jin A Oh ; Je Bong Lee ; Yeon-Ki Park1 ; Ju Yeon Lee ; Mihye Jeong
| |
Division of Agro-material Safety evaluation, Department of Agro-food Safety, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanjugun, Korea, Division of Crop Foundation | |
1National Institute of Crop Science, Wanjugun, Korea | |
Correspondence to : *E-mail: gurigoori@korea.kr | |
Funding Information ▼ |
농약 독성 구분과 표시를 위해 농약관리법에서는 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성 시험성적을 제출하도록 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 급성경구독성 자료로 급성경피독성을 예측하고 급성독성을 평가할 수 있는지 알아보고자 511개 제품과 72개 원제의 급성경구독성, 급성경피독성을 비교·분석하였다. 농약관리법 기준을 적용 시 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성 등급이 제품의 78%가 동일하였고, GHS 분류체계 적용 시에는 77.9%가 동일하였다. 급성경구독성이 경피독성보다 더 강한 경우는 농약관리법 분류체계, GHS 분류체계 적용 시 각각 13.5%, 21.9%으로, 제품의 91.5%, 99.7%가 급성경구독성으로 제품의 독성 등급이 구분되었다. 원제의 경우, 위험성·유해성 분류에 따른 표시기준에 준하여 독성을 분류하였다. 급성경구독성, 급성경피독성 시험의 각 LD50을 이용하여 독성을 분류하였을 때대상 원제 100%가 급성경구독성이 급성경피독성 등급과 같거나 독성이 더 강하게 분류되었다. 하지만 급성경피독성 자료 없이 급성경구독성의 LD50로만 급성경피독성 기준에 따라 경피독성 등급을 구분하였을 때, 급성경피독성 LD50 자료를 이용했을 때보다 원제의 21.4%에서 독성이 더 강하게 구분되었다. 이를 통해 급성경피 독성자료가 농약 독성 평가에 추가적인 정보를 거의 제공하지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있었다.
The Korean Pesticide Control Act requires acute oral and dermal toxicity tests for hazard classification and labelling of agrochemicals to protect human health. In this study, we investigated whether acute oral toxicity testing for pesticides and active ingredients could be used to determine acute dermal hazard category and acute systemic toxicity. This retrospective analysis used oral and dermal LD50 data for 511 end-use products and 72 active ingredients submitted to RDA for registration. The concordance of oral and dermal hazard classification was 78% and 77.9% of products by RDA and GHS system, respectively. The acute oral toxicity was more potent than the acute dermal toxicity for 13.5% and 21.9% of products by RDA and GHS system. Using the oral hazard category as a predictor for dermal hazard, 91.5% and 99.7% of end-use products, by each RDA and GHS system, would have the same or more conservative dermal hazard category and therefore would have more protective hazard labelling. Also, the oral hazard category derived from oral LD50 was the same as or over-classified the dermal hazard category from dermal LD50 for 100% of active ingredients. However, when oral LD50 was used for dermal toxicity category of active ingredients without acute dermal toxicity testing data, over-prediction of dermal hazard was 21.4% which indicates that oral LD50 are sufficiently protective for acute dermal hazard classification. Taken together, dermal acute systemic toxicity data hardly provides additory value in regulatory decision making.
Keywords: acute dermal toxicity, acute oral toxicity, pesticides 키워드: 급성경피독성, 급성경구독성, 농약 |
사람은 음식 섭취, 농약 제조 및 살포, 농산물 수확 등의 과정에서 피부, 입 등 다양한 경로로 농약에 노출될 수 있다(Spiewak, 2001; Christos et al., 2016). 특히 피부는 입 이외 농약 흡수의 주요 경로로, 피부를 통한 흡수는 내적 노출(internal exposure)에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있다(Drexler, 1998). 농약관리법에 따른 농약 및 원제의 등록기준 「농촌진흥청고시 제2017-26호」에서는 국내에 농약을 등록하기 위해 노출 경로에 따른 급성경구독성, 급성경피독성 시험을 필수적으로 제출하도록 한다(RDA, 2017a). 반수치사약량(LD50, mg/kg 체중)을 근거로 급성경구 또는 급성경피 독성을 맹독성(1급), 고독성(2급), 보통독성(3급), 저독성(4급)의 4단계로 분류한다. 분류된 급성경구독성 등급과 급성경피독성 등급을 비교하여 더 독성이 강한 등급으로 농약 제품의 독성을 구분 및 표시하고 있다. 원제는 농약, 원제 및 농약활용기자재의 표시기준「농촌진흥청고시 제2017-27호」별표 5 원제의 위험성·유해성 분류에 따른 표시기준에 준하여 구분1에서 구분5까지 분류된다(RDA, 2017b).
급성독성은 1회 노출 시켰을 때 24시간 내에 나타나는 전신독성영향으로, 실험동물의 치사를 독성종말점(endpoint)으로 사용하여 반수치사약량(LD50, mg/kg 체중)으로 표시한다(Botham, 2004; Seidle et al., 2010). 하지만 최근 국내외로 실험동물에 대한 생명윤리 강화와 동물실험 규제에 따라 급성독성을 중심으로 동물실험 개선, 동물수 감소, 대체법 개발과 같은 다양한 연구가 진행 되고 있다(Hamm et al., 2017). 예로 급성독성에서 종말점으로 사용하는 치사는 윤리적, 동물 복지 관점에서 논쟁이 되어(Botham, 2004; Seidle et al., 2010), 치사 대신 독성 징후를 종말점으로 사용하고 실험 동물수를 줄이는 방법이 개발되었다(OECD, 2001, 2017, 2018). 또한 비동물시험, 예측 모델 등 대체 자료를 제출함으로써 동물 시험 면제 또는 대체가 가능하도록 하고 있으며 경구, 피부 등 복수의 노출 경로나 설치류, 토끼 등 복수의 동물 종을 사용하여 불필요하게 반복하는 동물실험을 지양하도록 하고 있다 (Creton et al., 2010; Seidle et al., 2010).
농약 독성 분야에서도 독성 구분 및 표시에 있어 추가적인 정보를 제공하지 못하는 불필요한 시험의 경우, 시험 면제 등을 통해 동물의 희생을 줄이고자 하고 있다(AMPVA, 2018; EU, 2013a, 2013b; HSE, 2018; OECD, 2016). 미국과 캐나다는 농약의 급성독성 시험 면제 또는 대체에 대한 지침을 제시하고 있으며(EPA 2012; PMRA, 2013), 최근에 농약 제품 또는 원제에 대한 급성경피독성시험 면제에 대한 지침을 발표하였다(EPA 2016; PMRA, 2017b).
따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 등록 기준을 적용 시, 급성경구독성시험자료로 급성경피독성을 예측하고, 제품에 독성표시를 할 수 있는지 알아보고자 국내 등록 농약 제품과 원제를 이용하여 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성을 비교·분석하였다.
본 연구에서는 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성을 비교하기 위해 2013년부터 2017년 등록 신청된 신규 및 기등록 농약 511제품을 선정하였다. 원제는 2008년부터 2017년까지 등록된 72개의 원제를 선정하였다. 시험물질의 물리적 상태, 노출 유형을 고려하여 페로몬 방출제, 미생물제재는 대상 농약에서 제외하였다. 또한 급성경구독성시험과 급성경피독성시험에서 마우스나 토끼 등 서로 다른 종의 동물을 사용하였을 경우 대상 농약에서 제외하였다.
농약관리법과 GHS 분류체계에 근거하여 농약 제품의 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성을 구분하였다(Fig. 1). 반수치사약량이 범위로 표시되어있을 경우 cut-off 값을 기준으로 분류하였다. GHS 분류체계에서 구분 5와 분류되지 않음(unclassified)은 그림문자와 유해위험문구 표기를 요하지 않으므로 동일한 등급으로 구분하였다.
농약, 원제 및 농약활용기자재의 표시기준「농촌진흥청고시 제2017-27호」별표 5 원제의 위험성·유해성 분류에 따른 표시기준에 따라 원제의 급성독성을 구분하고 있다(Fig. 1). 급성경구 및 급성경피독성에 대한 그림 문자와 유해·위험문구를 요구하고 있으므로 급성경구독성 자료로 급성경피독성을 대체할 수 있는지 알아보고자 두 가지 방법으로 분석하였다. 첫 번째 방법으로 급성경구독성시험과 급성경피독성시험의 각 LD50을 근거로 독성을 분류하여 비교하였고, 두 번째 방법으로는 급성경구독성 시험의 LD50 값을 이용하여 급성경구독성 및 급성경피독성을 분류하여 비교하였다. LD50 값이 5000 mg/kg 체중을 초과하는 경우는 분류되지 않음(unclassified)로 구분하였다.
511개의 제품은 액상수화제, 입제 등 28개의 제형으로 분류되었고(Table 1), 이 중 156개 제품은 1개의 원제, 278개 제품은 2개의 원제, 74개 제품은 3개의 원제, 3개 제품은 4개의 원제를 포함하고 있었다. 부자재의 제품 조성비가 다르고 시험 연구소에 따라 시험결과가 다르게 나올 수 있으므로 원제함량이 동일하더라도 데이터베이스에 포함하여 분석하였다. 동일한 원제 함량을 가지는 품목은 18품목이었고, 총 45개의 제품이 있었다.
Formulation type | Number | Formulation type | Number |
---|---|---|---|
Dispersible concentrate (DC) | 11 | Paste (PA) | 4 |
Dustable powder (DP) | 7 | Smoke pellet (FW) | 2 |
Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) | 28 | Soluble concentrate (SL) | 36 |
Emulsion, oil in water (EW) | 7 | Suspension concentrate (SC) | 157 |
Emulsion powder (EP) | 2 | Suspo-emulsion (SE) | 11 |
Fine granule (FG) | 7 | Tablet for direct application (DT) | 17 |
Floweble concentrate for seed treatment (FS) | 3 | Up granule (UG) | 3 |
Gas generating product (GE) | 1 | Water dispersible granules (WG) | 54 |
Gas (GA) | 1 | Water dispersible powder for slumy seed treatment (WS) | 1 |
Granule (GR) | 110 | Water dispersible tablet (WT) | 4 |
Macrogranule (GG) | 4 | Water soluble granule (SG) | 1 |
Microemulsion (ME) | 13 | Water soluble powder (SP) | 2 |
Oil dispersion (OD) | 1 | Wettable powder (WP) | 20 |
Other liquid to be applied undiluted (AL) | 3 | A mixed formulation of CS & SC (ZC) | 1 |
농약관리법에 따라 독성을 분류하였을 때 등록된 제품 중 78%가 급성경구독성 등급과 급성경피독성 등급이 동일하였다. 제품의 13.5%는 급성경구독성이 급성경피독성보다 더 강하여 최종 제품의 독성이 급성경구독성 등급에 따라 분류되었다. 즉 511개의 제품 중 468개의 제품이 급성경구독성 시험성적으로 최종 제품 독성이 분류되었다. 반면 8.4%는 급성경피독성이 급성경구독성보다 강하여, 최종 제품의 독성이 급성경피시험 성적에 의해 결정되었다(Table 2, Fig. 2). 이에 해당하는 제품을 분석한 결과, 총 43개 제품 중 모든 제품이 액상 형태의 제품이었으며 1개 제품(Glufosinate-ammonium.MCPA SL)을 제외한 42개 제품 모두 한계 투여 용량(limit test)으로 2000 mg/kg bw을 투여한 국외 성적 자료이었다. 국내 농약관리법에서는 액체 상태의 농약일 경우 LD50가 4000 mg/kg bw 이상일 때 급성경피 저독성으로 구분된다. 따라서 국외에서 생산한 독성자료를 이용하여 42개 제품의 독성을 구분하였을 때 LD50가 2000 mg/kg bw 초과로 급성경피 보통독성으로 분류되어 급성경피독성이 더 강하게 평가되었다. 이 42개의 제품 중 같은 품목이나 국내에서 4000 mg/kg bw를 투여하여 생산한 독성 자료를 가지고 있는 제품이 있었는데, 국내에서 생산한 성적에 따르면 LD50가 4000 mg/kg bw 초과로 급성경피 저독성으로 분류되었다. 따라서 2000 mg/kg bw 대신에 4000 mg/kg bw으로 투여하였을 때, 급성경피 보통독성에서 저독성으로 분류될 가능성이 있을 것이라 평가되었다.
No | Agrochemical formulation | Korean system | GHS system | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral toxicity |
Dermal toxicity |
Oral toxicity |
Dermal toxicity |
||
1 | 1-Methylcyclopropene GE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
2 | Abamectin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
3 | Abamectin.Acetamiprid ME | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
4 | Abamectin.Acetamiprid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
5 | Abamectin.Acrinathrin EW | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
6 | Abamectin.Buprofezin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
7 | Abamectin.Buprofezin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
8 | Abamectin.Chlorfenapyr SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
9 | Abamectin.Cyflumetofen DC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
10 | Abamectin.Dinotefuran SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
11 | Abamectin.Emamectinbenzoate ME | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
12 | Abamectin.Emamectinbenzoate WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
13 | Abamectin.Fenazaquin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
14 | Abamectin.Methidathion WP | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 4 |
15 | Abamectin.Pyrifluquinazon WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
16 | Abamectin.Spinetoram SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
17 | Abamectin.Spirodiclofen SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
18 | Abamectin.Spirodiclofen SC | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
19 | Abamectin.Sulfoxaflor DC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
20 | Abamectin.Sulfoxaflor SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
21 | Acetamiprid AL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
22 | Acetamiprid DC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
23 | Acetamiprid ME | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
24 | Acetamiprid SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
25 | Acetamiprid.Buprofezin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
26 | Acetamiprid.Buprofezin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
27 | Acetamiprid.Emamectinbenzoate WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
28 | Acetamiprid.Emamectinbenzoate WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
29 | Acetamiprid.Etofenprox EP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
30 | Acetamiprid.Flubendiamide WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
31 | Acetamiprid.Indoxacarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
32 | Acetamiprid.Lufenuron SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
33 | Acetamiprid.Lufenuron WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
34 | Acetamiprid.Metaflumizone SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
35 | Acetamiprid.Pymetrozine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
36 | Acetamiprid.Pymetrozine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
37 | Acetamiprid.Pyrifluquinazon WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
38 | Acetamiprid.Pyriproxyfen DC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
39 | Acetamiprid.Sulfoxaflor WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
40 | Acetamiprid.Tebufenozide SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
41 | Acetamiprid.Tebufenozide WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
42 | Aclonifen.Oxadiargyl SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
43 | Alpha-cypermethrin.Tebufenozide SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
44 | Amisulbrom FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
45 | Amisulbrom.Chlorothalonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
46 | Amisulbrom.Dinotefuran WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
47 | Amisulbrom.Valifenalate SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
48 | Asulam-sodium.Glufosinate-ammonium SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
49 | Azimsulfuron.Benfuresate.Fentrazamide GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
50 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Fentrazamide UG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
51 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Ipfencarbazone GG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
52 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Metamifop.Pretilachlor GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
53 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Oxaziclomefone GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
54 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Oxaziclomefone UG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
55 | Azimsulfuron.Benzobicyclon.Pyriminobac-methyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
56 | Azimsulfuron.Bromobutide.Mefenacet GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
57 | Azimsulfuron.Flucetosulfuron.Mesotrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
58 | Azimsulfuron.Mefenacet.Mesotrione GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
59 | Azimsulfuron.Oxaziclomefone.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
60 | Azocyclotin.Bifenthrin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
61 | Azocyclotin.Etoxazole SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
62 | Azoxystrobin ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
63 | Azoxystrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
64 | Azoxystrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
65 | Azoxystrobin,Propiconazole SE | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
66 | Azoxystrobin.chlorothalonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | unclassified |
67 | Azoxystrobin.Difenoxonazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
68 | Azoxystrobin.Difenoxonazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
69 | Azoxystrobin.Difenoxonazole WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
70 | Azoxystrobin.Dimethomorph SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
71 | Azoxystrobin.Dimethomorph WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
72 | Azoxystrobin.Fluazinam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
73 | Azoxystrobin.Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
74 | Azoxystrobin.Isopyrazam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
75 | Azoxystrobin.Oxathiapiprolin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
76 | Azoxystrobin.Propiconazole SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
77 | Azoxystrobin.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | GHS 5 | GHS5 |
78 | Azoxystrobin.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
79 | Azoxystrobin.Tebuconazole WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
80 | Azoxystrobin.Tetraconazole SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
81 | Azoxystrobin.Validamycin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
82 | Azoxystrobin.Validamycin.Etofenprox SE | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
83 | Benfuracarb GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
84 | Benfuracarb.Diazinon GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
85 | Benfuracarb.Etofenprox GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
86 | Benfuracarb.Fosthiazate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
87 | Benfuracarb.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
88 | Benfuresate.Bromobutide.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
89 | Benfuresate.Carfentrazone-ethyl.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
90 | Benfuresate.MCPA.Pyriminobac-methyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
91 | Benfuresate.Mesotrione.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
92 | Benfuresate.Mesotrione.Penoxsulam SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
93 | Benfuresate.Pyrimisulfan GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
94 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Benzobicyclon.Fentrazamide GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
95 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Benzobicyclon.Fentrazamide UG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
96 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Benzobicyclon.Oxaziclomefon SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
97 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Benzobicyclon.Penoxsulam DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
98 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Bromobutide.Fentrazamide GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
99 | Bensulfuron-methyl.Bromobutide.Penoxsulam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
100 | Bensulfuron-methyl.MCPA.Mefenacet SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
101 | Bentazone sodium GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
102 | Bentazone sodium.Glyphosate-isopropylamine SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
103 | Bentazone sodium.Glufosinate-ammonium SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
104 | Bentazone.Flucetosulfuron.Simetryn GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
105 | Bentazone.MCPA SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
106 | Bentazone.MCPA WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
107 | Bentazone.MCPA.Propanil ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
108 | Bentazone.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
109 | Bentazone.Propanil ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
110 | Bentazone.Pyriminobac-methyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
111 | Bentazone.Tefuryltrione GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
112 | Bentazone-sodium.MCPA.Triafamone GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
113 | Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
114 | Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl.Chlorothalonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
115 | Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl.Oxathiapiprolin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
116 | Benzobicyclon.Carfentrazone-ethyl.Penoxsulam ZC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
117 | Benzobicyclon.Cyclosulfamuron.Mefenacet SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
118 | Benzobicyclon.Cyclosulfamuron.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
119 | Benzobicyclon.Cyclosulfamuron.Penoxsulam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
120 | Benzobicyclon.Fentrazamide.Imazosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
121 | Benzobicyclon.Fentrazamide.Penoxsulam DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
122 | Benzobicyclon.Florpyrauxifen-benzyl.Penoxsulam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
123 | Benzobicyclon.Flucetosulfuron.Imazosulfuron DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
124 | Benzobicyclon.Imazosulfuron.Ipfencarbazone SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
125 | Benzobicyclon.Imazosulfuron.Penoxsulam DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
126 | Benzobicyclon.Mefenacet.Propyrisulfuron SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
127 | Benzobicyclon.Mefenacet.Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl GG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
128 | Benzobicyclon.Metamifop.Pretilachlor.Pyrazosulfuronethyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
129 | Benzobicyclon.Orthosulfamuron.Penoxsulam DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
130 | Benzobicyclon.Orthosulfamuron.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
131 | Benzobicyclon.Oxadiazon SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
132 | Benzobicyclon.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
133 | Benzobicyclon.Penoxsulam.Pyraclonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
134 | Benzobicyclon.Pyraclonil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
135 | Benzobicyclon.Pyrimisulfan GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
136 | Benzobicyclon.Pyrimisulfan SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
137 | Beta-cyfluthrin DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
138 | Bifenox.Glyphosate-isopropylamine ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
139 | Bifenthrin DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
140 | Bifenthrin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
141 | Bifenthrin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | unclassified |
142 | Bifenthrin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
143 | Bifenthrin.Chlorfenapyr FW | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
144 | Bifenthrin.Etoxazole ME | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
145 | Bifenthrin.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
146 | Bifenthrin.Lufenuron.Pymetrozine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
147 | Bifenthrin.Novaluron SC | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
148 | Bifenthrin.Novaluron SC | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
149 | Bifenthrin.Phoxim GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
150 | Bifenthrin.Sulfoxaflor SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
151 | Bistrifluron.Emamectinbenzoate WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
152 | BLAD SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
153 | Boscalid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
154 | Boscalid WT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
155 | Boscalid.Pyraclostrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
156 | Bromobutide.Carfentrazone-ethyl.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
157 | Bromobutide.Fentrazamide GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
158 | Bromobutide.Fentrazamide.Flucetosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
159 | Bromobutide.Fentrazamide.Halosulfuron-methyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
160 | Bromobutide.Fentrazamide.Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
161 | Bromobutide.Halosulfuron-methyl.Oxaziclomefone GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
162 | Bromobutide.Imazosulfuron.Pyraclonil GG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
163 | Bromobutide.Imazosulfuron.Pyraclonil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
164 | Bromobutide.MCPA.Orthosulfamuron.Penoxsulam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
165 | Bromobutide.Oxadiargyl SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
166 | Bromobutide.Oxaziclomefone.Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
167 | Bromobutide.Penoxsulam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
168 | Bromobutide.Pretilachlor.Simetryn EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
169 | Bromobutide.Propyrisulfuron.Thiobencarb GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
170 | Bromobutide.Pyraclonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
171 | Bromobutide.Pyraclonil.Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
172 | Bromobutide.Pyrimisulfan SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
173 | Buprofezin.Imidacloprid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
174 | Buprofezin.Lambda-cyhalothrin EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
175 | Buprofezin.Pyrifluquinazon SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
176 | Buprofezin.Spinetoram SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
177 | Cadusafos.Terbufos GR | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 4 |
178 | Captan WT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
179 | Captan.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
180 | Captan.Tebuconazole WT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
181 | Carbendazim.Trifloxystrobin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
182 | Carbosulfan.Tefluthrin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
183 | Carboxin WS | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
184 | Chlorantraniliprole WT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
185 | Chlorfenapyr SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
186 | Chlorfenapyr SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
187 | Chlorfenapyr SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
188 | Chlorfenapyr SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
189 | Chlorfenapyr.Etofenprox SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
190 | Chlorfluazuron.Indoxacarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
191 | Chlorothalonil.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
192 | Chromafenozide.Etofenprox EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
193 | Clomazone.Fentrazamide EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
194 | Clothianidin.Tebufenozide SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
195 | Cyantraniliprole EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
196 | Cyantraniliprole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
197 | Cyantraniliprole SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
198 | Cyantraniliprole.Pymetrozine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
199 | Cyantraniliprole.Pymetrozine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
200 | Cyantraniliprole.Thiamethoxam WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
201 | Cyazofamid.Fluopicolide SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
202 | Cyazofamid.Valifenalate SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
203 | Cyclaniliprole SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
204 | Cyenopyrafen.Etoxazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
205 | Cyflumetofen DC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
206 | Cyflumetofen.Fenpyroximate SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
207 | Cyhalofop-butyl.Pyribenzoxim EC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
208 | Dazomet GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
209 | Deltamethrin EW | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
210 | Deltamethrin.Lambda-cyhalothrin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
211 | Deltamethrin.Methoxyfenozide SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
212 | Deltamethrin.Tebupirimfos GR | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
213 | Dichlobenil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
214 | Dichlorvos.Lambda-cyhalothrin DC | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 3 | GHS 3 |
215 | Difenoxonazole.Dithianon WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
216 | Difenoxonazole.Fluxapyroxad SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
217 | Difenoxonazole.Pyraclostrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
218 | Difenoxonazole.Pyribencarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
219 | Diflubenzuron.Imidacloprid WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
220 | Diflubenzuron.Sulfoxaflor WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
221 | Dimethametryn GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
222 | Dimethoate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
223 | Dimethomorph WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | unclassified |
224 | Dimethomorph.Fluazinam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
225 | Dimethomorph.Picarbutrazox SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
226 | Dimethyl disulfide AL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
227 | Dimethyl disulfide EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
228 | Dinotefuran WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
229 | Dinotefuran.Etofenprox FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
230 | Dinotefuran.Methoxyfenozide WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
231 | Dinotefuran.Spinetoram WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
232 | Dinotefuran.Zeta-cypermethrin DC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
233 | Diquat dibromide SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
234 | Diquat dibromide.Glufosinate-ammonium SL | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
235 | Dithianon WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
236 | Emamectinbenzoate AL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | unclassified |
237 | Emamectinbenzoate EC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified°° | GHS 5 |
238 | Emamectinbenzoate EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
239 | Emamectinbenzoate EW | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
240 | Emamectinbenzoate SG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
241 | Emamectinbenzoate.Acetamiprid SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
242 | Emamectinbenzoate.Flonicamid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
243 | Ethephon.Gibberellin A4+7 SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
244 | Ethoprophos.Terbufos GR | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 3 | GHS 3 |
245 | Ethylformate GA | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
246 | Etofenprox EP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
247 | Etofenprox.Pyridalyl ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
248 | Etofenprox.Sulfoxaflor SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
249 | Etridiazole.Thifluzamide EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
250 | Famoxadone DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
251 | Famoxadone.Oxathiapiprolin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
252 | Famoxadone.Valifenalate EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
253 | Fenbuconazole.Tiadinil.Benfuracarb GR | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
254 | Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl DC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
255 | Fenoxasulfone.Metazosulfuron DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
256 | Fenoxasulfone.Penoxsulam.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
257 | Fenoxasulfone.Pyrimisulfan GG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
258 | Fenoxasulfone.Pyrimisulfan SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
259 | Fenpyrazamine WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
260 | Fentrazamide.Metazosulfuron DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
261 | Fentrazamide.Metazosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
262 | Fentrazamide.Pretilachlor EC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
263 | Fentrazamide.Pyrimisulfan DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
264 | Fentrazamide.Simetryn EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
265 | Fentrazamide.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
266 | Ferimzone SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
267 | Ferimzone.Fluxapyroxad SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
268 | Ferimzone.Isotianil SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
269 | Ferimzone.Kasugamycin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
270 | Ferimzone.Pencycuron SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
271 | Ferimzone.Thifluzamide SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
272 | Ferimzone.Thifluzamide.Metaflumizone SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
273 | Ferimzone.Thiophanate-methyl SC | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
274 | Ferimzone.Validamycin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
275 | Ferimzone.Validamycin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
276 | Ferimzone.Validamycin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
277 | Flazasulfuron.Imazaquin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
278 | Flazasulfuron.MCPA WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
279 | Flazasulfuron.MCPA WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
280 | Flonicamid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
281 | Flonicamid.Thiacloprid WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
282 | Florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
283 | Florpyrauxifen-benzyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
284 | Fluazinam DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
285 | Fluazinam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
286 | Fluazinam.Acetamiprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
287 | Fluazinam.Propineb WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
288 | Fluazinam.Trifloxystrobin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
289 | Flucetosulfuron.Halosulfuron-methyl.Mesotrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
290 | Fludioxonil DC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
291 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
292 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
293 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
294 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
295 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
296 | Fludioxonil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
297 | Fludioxonil WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
298 | Fludioxonil.Hexaconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
299 | Fludioxonil.Isofetamid SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
300 | Fludioxonil.Penthiopyrad SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
301 | Fludioxonil.Prochoraz FS | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
302 | Fludioxonil.Prochoraz SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
303 | Fluensulfone EC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
304 | Flufenoxuron.Sulfoxaflor SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
305 | Fluopyram GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
306 | Fluopyram.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | unclassified |
307 | Fluopyram.Trifloxystrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
308 | Flupoxam WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
309 | Flupyradifurone SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
310 | Fluquinconazole.Fluxapyroxad SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
311 | Fluquinconazole.Prochlorazmanganese PA | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
312 | Fluquinconazole.Prochlorazmanganese PA | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
313 | Fluroxypyr-meptyl.Triclopyr-TEA ME | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
314 | Flusulfamide FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
315 | Flusulfamide.Fluxapyroxad FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
316 | Fluthiacet-methyl.Glufosinate-ammonium ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
317 | Flutolanil.Hymexazol WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
318 | Fluxametamide EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
319 | Fluxametamide EW | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
320 | Fluxapyroxad FW | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
321 | Fluxapyroxad GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
322 | Fluxapyroxad.Kresoxim-methyl SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
323 | Fluxapyroxad.Metrafenone SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
324 | Fluxapyroxad.Probenazole.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
325 | Foramsulfuron OD | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
326 | Fosthiazate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
327 | Fosthiazate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
328 | Fosthiazate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
329 | Fosthiazate SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
330 | Gibberellic acid.Gibberellin A4+7 SP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
331 | Gibberellic acid.Gibberellin A4+7.6-Benzyl aminopurine SP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
332 | Glufosinate-ammonium SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
333 | Glufosinate-ammonium SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
334 | Glufosinate-ammonium.MCPA SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
335 | Glufosinate-ammonium.MCPA SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
336 | Glufosinate-ammonium.MCPA SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 4 |
337 | Glufosinate-ammonium.Mecoprop-p SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
338 | Glufosinate-p SL | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
339 | Glyphosate.Mecoprop-p SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
340 | Glyphosate-ammonium.MCPA SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
341 | Glyphosate-isopropylamine PA | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | unclassified |
342 | Glyphosate-isopropylamine.MCPA SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
343 | Glyphosate-isopropylamine.Mecoprop SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
344 | Glyphosate-isopropylamine.Tiafenacil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
345 | Glyphosate-potassium SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
346 | Glyphosate-potassium SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
347 | Glyphosate-potassium SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
348 | Hexaconazole.Isoprothiolane GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
349 | Hexaconazole.Tebuconazole EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
350 | Hexaconazole.Tebuconazole EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
351 | Hexaconazole.Tebufloquin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
352 | Hexaconazole.Tefluthrin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
353 | Hexaconazole.Tiadinil SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
354 | Hexaconazole.Trycyclazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
355 | Hymexazol.Penthiopyrad DC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
356 | Imazaquin.Pendimethalin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
357 | Imazosulfuron.Mefenacet.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
358 | Imicyafos SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
359 | Imidacloprid.Spirotetramat SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
360 | Iminoctadine tris(albesilate).Pyribencarb WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
361 | Iminoctadinetriacetate.Penthiopyrad SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
362 | Iminoctadinetriacetate.Thiophanate-methyl PA | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
363 | Indaziflam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS5 |
364 | Indoxacarb EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | unclassified |
365 | Indoxacarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
366 | Indoxacarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
367 | Indoxacarb.Novaluron SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
368 | Ipconazole FS | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
369 | Ipfencarbazone.Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl.Tefuryltrione GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
370 | Ipfencarbazone.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
371 | Isofetamid SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
372 | Isofetamid.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
373 | Isotianil.Chlorantraniliprole.Clothianidin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
374 | Isotianil.Chlorantraniliprole.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
375 | Isotianil.Clothianidin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
376 | Isotianil.Penflufen.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
377 | Kasugamycin.Validamycin.Clothianidin SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
378 | Kresoxim-methyl WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
379 | Kresoxim-methyl.Triflumizole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
380 | Lambda-cyhalothrin DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
381 | Lambda-cyhalothrin.Sulfoxaflor SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
382 | Lambda-cyhalothrin.Sulfoxaflor SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
383 | Lime sulfur DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
384 | Lufenuron EW | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
385 | Lufenuron WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
386 | Mandestrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
387 | MCPA.Metazosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
388 | Mecoprop-p.Metamifop ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
389 | Mefenacet.Metazosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
390 | Mesotrione.Metazosulfuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
391 | Mesotrione.Penoxsulam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
392 | Metaflumizone WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
393 | Metalaxyl.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
394 | Metalaxyl.Tebuconazole GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
395 | Metalaxyl-M GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
396 | Metalaxyl-M.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
397 | Metaldehyde GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
398 | Metam-sodium SL | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
399 | Metam-sodium SL | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
400 | Metazachlor GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
401 | Metazosulfuron DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
402 | Metazosulfuron WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
403 | Metazosulfuron WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
404 | Metazosulfuron.Oxaziclomefone SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
405 | Metazosulfuron.Pretilachlor GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
406 | Metazosulfuron.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
407 | Metazosulfuron.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
408 | Metconazole.Bifenthrin EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
409 | Metconazole.Bifenthrin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
410 | Metconazole.Pyraclostrobin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
411 | Methidathion WP | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 3 | GHS 5 |
412 | Methoxyfenozide.Sulfoxaflor SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
413 | Metolachlor EW | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
414 | Metolachlor FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
415 | Napropamide GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
416 | Orysastrobin.Benfuracarb GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
417 | Orysastrobin.Benfuracarb.Chlorantraniliprole GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
418 | Orysastrobin.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
419 | Orysastrobin.Probenazole.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
420 | Orysastrobin.Prochlorazmanganese.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
421 | Orysastrobin.Trycyclazole.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
422 | Oxadiargyl.Oxadiazon EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
423 | Oxathiapiprolin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
424 | Oxaziclomefone.Penoxsulam.Tefuryltrione GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
425 | Oxaziclomefone.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
426 | Oxaziclomefone.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
427 | Oxaziclomefone.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
428 | Oxaziclomefone.Tefuryltrione SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
429 | Oxolinic acid.Oxytetracycline WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
430 | Oxolinic acid.Streptomycin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
431 | Oxolinicacid SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
432 | Oxytetracycline WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
433 | Oxytetracycline.Validamycin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
434 | Paclobutrazol SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | unclassified |
435 | Pencycuron GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
436 | Penoxsulam.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
437 | Penthiopyrad SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
438 | Penthiopyrad.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
439 | Penthiopyrad.Trifloxystrobin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
440 | Picarbutrazox SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
441 | Picarbutrazox WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
442 | Polyoxin B WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
443 | Pretilachlor.Tefuryltrione EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
444 | Probenazole.Benfuracarb GR | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
445 | Probenazole.Clothianidin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
446 | Probenazole.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
447 | Prochlorazmanganese GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
448 | Prochoraz.Triflumizole EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
449 | Propanil.Pyriminobac-methyl EC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
450 | Propiconazole DC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
451 | Propiconazole EW | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
452 | Propineb.Pyraclostrobin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
453 | Pyflubumide SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
454 | Pymetrozine WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
455 | Pyraclonil.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
456 | Pyraclostrobin EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
457 | Pyraclostrobin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
458 | Pyraclostrobin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
459 | Pyraclostrobin WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
460 | Pyraclostrobin.Fluazinam SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
461 | Pyraclostrobin.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
462 | Pyribencarb FS | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
463 | Pyribencarb SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
464 | Pyribencarb WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
465 | Pyribencarb.Tebuconazole SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
466 | Pyribencarb.Thiophanate-methyl SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
467 | Pyribencarb.Triflumizole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
468 | Pyribenzoxim EC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
469 | Pyridalyl.Tebufenozide SE | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
470 | Pyrifluquinazon SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
471 | Pyrimisulfan.Tefuryltrione DT | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
472 | S-metolachlor EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
473 | S-metolachlor.Thiobencarb GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
474 | Spinosad WG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
475 | Spirodiclofen SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
476 | Spirotetramat.Thiacloprid SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
477 | Sulfoxaflor GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
478 | Sulfur.Buprofezin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
479 | Tebuconazole SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
480 | Tebuconazole.Buprofezin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
481 | Tebuconazole.Dimethoate GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
482 | Tebuconazole.Lambda-cyhalothrin GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
483 | Tebuconazole.Terbufos GR | Cat. III | Cat. III | GHS 3 | GHS 3 |
484 | Tebuconazole.Thiophanate-methyl GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
485 | Tebuconazole.Thiophanate-methyl WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
486 | Tebufloquin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
487 | Tefuryltrione.Triafamone GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
488 | Tefuryltrione.Triafamone SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
489 | Tetraconazole.Thifluzamide EC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
490 | Thiacloprid SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
491 | Thiacloprid SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
492 | Thiamethoxam FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
493 | Thiamethoxam FG | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
494 | Thiamethoxam SL | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
495 | Thifluzamide.Tiadinil.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
496 | Tiadinil.Benfuracarb.Chlorantraniliprole GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
497 | Tiadinil.Chlorantraniliprole.Triflumezopyrim GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
498 | Tiadinil.Dinotefuran GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
499 | Tiadinil.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
500 | Tiadinil.Flubendiamide.Thiacloprid SC | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
501 | Tiadinil.Thiamethoxam GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
502 | Tiafenacil ME | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 5 | GHS 5 |
503 | Trifloxystrobin WP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
504 | Trinexapac-ethyl SL | Cat. IV | Cat. III | unclassified | GHS 5 |
505 | Trycyclazole,Validamycin SC | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
506 | Trycyclazole.Carbosulfan.Imidacloprid GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
507 | Trycyclazole.Fipronil GR | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
508 | Trycyclazole.Validamycin.Etofenprox SE | Cat. III | Cat. IV | GHS 4 | GHS 5 |
509 | Validamycin SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
510 | Valifenalate SC | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
511 | Zeta-cypermethrin DP | Cat. IV | Cat. IV | unclassified | GHS 5 |
국내 급성 독성 분류 기준과 다르지만 본 연구와 유사한 연구결과가 발표되었다. 미국의 농약 독성 분류 체계를 따를 시, 592 제품 중 94.9%가 급성경구독성이 급성경피독성과 동일하거나 더 독성이 강한 것으로 확인되었다(US EPA, 2016). 캐나다의 농약 급성독성 분류체계를 적용하였을 때에는 592제품 중 99.7%의 제품이 급성경피 독성시험 없이 급성경구독성으로 그림문자 및 위험문구를 표기할 수 있을 것으로 평가되었다(PMRA, 2017a, 2017b).
GHS 분류 체계를 적용하였을 때, 농약관리법에 따른 분류와 유사한 결과가 도출되었다. 제품의 77.9%에서 급성경구독성 등급과 급성경피독성 등급이 동일하였고, 21.9%에서 급성경구독성이 더 강한 것으로 분류되었다. GHS 분류체계를 적용하였을 시, 1개의 제품(Glufosinate-ammonium. MCPA SL)에서만 급성경피독성이 급성경구독성보다 강한 것으로 분류되어 제품의 99.8%가 경구독성시험성적으로 제품의 독성이 표시되었다(Table 2, Fig. 3). 본 연구 결과와 유사하게 캐나다에 등록된 농약에 대해서 GHS 분류체계 적용 시 592제품 중 99.7%가 급성경구독성이 급성경피독성과 동일하거나 더 독성이 강한 것으로 확인되었다(PMRA, 2017a, 2017b). 또한 225개 제품에 대해서도 100% 제품 모두 경구독성이 더 강하거나 경피독성과 동일하였다(Corvaro et al., 2016). 따라서 농약 품목에 GHS 분류 체계를 도입할 시, 노출경로에 따라 독성양상에서 차이가 발생할 수 있지만 경피노출 시 독성이 더 낮아 급성경구독성 자료만으로도 충분히 농약의 독성을 구분 및 표시 할 수 있을 것이라고 판단되었다.
54개 원제는 급성경구독성에서 구분 5 또는 분류되지 않음(unclassified)으로 구분되었으나, 급성경피독성에서는 71개의 원제가 구분 5 또는 분류되지 않음(unclassified)으로 구분되었다(Table 3; Fig. 4). 농촌진흥청 고시 원제의 위험성·유해성 분류에 따라 분류하였을 때 원제 76.4%의 독성분류가 동일하였고 23.6% 원제가 급성경구독성이 더 강하게 분류되었다(Fig. 4). 국외 연구결과에서도 농약 원제 298개중 4%만 급성경피독성이 더 강한 것으로 나타났다(PMRA, 2017a, 2017b). 또한 다른 연구에서 337개의 원제에 대해 1.78%만 급성경피독성이 더 강한 것으로 확인되었다(Seidle et al., 2011). 경구독성 등급이 분류되지않음(unclassified)으로 구분되는 원제의 경우 100%가 경피독성과 경구독성 등급이 동일하였으므로 경구독성이 분류되지않음(unclassified)으로 구분될 때, 급성경피독성 시험을 필수로 제출하지 않아도 될 것으로 판단되었다.
No | Active substance | Oral classification by oral LD50 |
Dermal classification by dermal LD50 |
Dermal classification by oral LD50 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acequinocyl | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
2 | Ametoctradin | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
3 | Amisulbrom | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
4 | Benalaxyl-M | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
5 | Chlorantraniliprole | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
6 | Cyantraniliprole | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
7 | Cyclaniliprole | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
8 | Cyenopyrafen | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
9 | Epoxiconazole | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
10 | Fenoxasulfone | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
11 | Fenpyrazamine | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
12 | Florpyrauxifen-benzyl | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
13 | Flubendiamide | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
14 | Fluopyram | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
15 | Flupyradifurone | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 4 |
16 | Flutianil | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
17 | Flutriafol | Cat 4 | Cat 4 | Cat 4 |
18 | Fluxametamide | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
19 | Fluxapyroxad | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
20 | Glufosinate-P | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
21 | Ipconazole | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
22 | Ipfencarbazone | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
23 | Isofetamide | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
24 | Isopyrazam | Cat 5 | Unclassified | Cat 5 |
25 | Isotianil | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
26 | Lepimectin | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
27 | Mandestrobin | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
28 | Mandipropamid | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
29 | MCPA | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 4 |
30 | Mefentrifluconazole | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
31 | Meptyldinocap | Cat 5 | Unclassified | Cat 5 |
32 | Metaflumizone | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
33 | Metaldehyde | Cat 3 | Unclassified | Cat 3 |
34 | Metam sodium | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
35 | Metazachlor | Cat 5 | Unclassified | Cat 5 |
36 | Metazosulfuron | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
37 | Methiozolin | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
38 | Metrafenone | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
39 | Novaluron | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
40 | Orthosulfamuron | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
41 | Oxathiapiprolin | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
42 | Oxytetracycline | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
43 | Paclobutrazol | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 4 |
44 | Penflufen | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
45 | Penthiopyrad | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
46 | Picarbutrazox | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
47 | Picoxystrobin | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
48 | Propyrisulfuron | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
49 | Proquinazid | Cat 5 | Unclassified | Cat 5 |
50 | Pyflubumide | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
51 | Pyraclonil | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 4 |
52 | Pyraclostrobin | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
53 | Pyribencarb | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
54 | Pyrifluquinazon | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | - |
55 | Pyrimisulfan | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | - |
56 | Pyriofenone | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
57 | Quinmerac | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
58 | Rimsulfuron | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
59 | Saflufenacil | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
60 | Sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
61 | SodiumO-nitrophenolate | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
62 | Sodiump-nitrophenolate | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
63 | Spinetoram | Unclassified | Unclassified | Unclassified |
64 | Spirotetramat | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
65 | Sulfoxaflor | Cat 4 | Unclassified | Cat 3 |
66 | Tebufloquin | Cat 4 | Cat 5 | Cat 3 |
67 | Tefuryltrione | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
68 | Tiafenacil | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
69 | Trifloxysulfuron-sodium | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
70 | Triflumezopyrim | Cat 5 | Unclassified | Cat 5 |
71 | Triticonazole | Cat 5 | Cat 5 | Cat 5 |
72 | Valifenalate | Unclassified | Cat 5 | Unclassified |
급성경구독성 LD50 cut-off 값을 알 수 없는 원제 2개를 제외하고 급성경구독성시험의 LD50 값을 이용하여 원제의 위험성·유해성 분류에 따라 급성경피독성을 구분하였다(Table 3). 이를 급성경피독성 시험의 LD50 값으로 급성경피독성을 구분한 결과와 비교하였다(Fig. 5). 급성경피시험을 수행하지 않고 급성경구독성시험의 LD50 값으로 경피독성을 분류하였을 때, 기존 독성분류보다 독성이 더 강하게 평가(over-prediction)되는 경향이 나타났다. 이는 같은 독성등급(예. 구분 3)일지라도 급성경구독성의 기준(50 < LD50≤ 300 mg/kg bw)에 비해 급성경피독성 기준(200 < LD50≤ 1000 mg/kg bw) 값이 더 높기 때문에 나타난 것으로 판단하였다.
본 연구에서는 Thomas 등(2007)의 연구결과와 동일하게 급성경피독성시험이 추가적인 독성정보를 제공하지 못한다고 판단되었다. 분류체계에 상관없이 제품의 91.6% 이상이 급성경구독성으로 제품 독성이 구분되었다. 원제의 경우 원제의 위험성·유해성 분류에서 원제 100%가 급성경구독성이 급성경피독성 보다 더 강하거나 독성 등급이 동일하였다. 따라서 급성경구독성 자료를 이용하여 급성경피독성을 예측하고 농약 제품과 원제의 독성 구분 및 표시할 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 급성경구독성시험자료를 이용하여 급성경피독성 시험을 대체한다면 불필요한 독성실험을 줄 일 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 경구와 경피라는 노출경로에 따라 독성 발현 양상이 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 따라서 나노기술을 이용하여 생산된 제품 등 피부 흡수에 영향을 줄 가능성이 있는 농약의 경우 급성경구독성시험으로 급성경피독성시험을 대체하기 전에 체외 피부흡수율 시험을 통해 dermal bioavailability 정도를 파악해야 한다(PMRA, 2017b; Seidle, 2011). 또한 본 연구에서 농약관리법에 따른 제품의 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성을 비교 시, 급성경구독성 저독성이었으나 급성경피독성이 보통독성인 경우는 8.4% (43/511)이었다(Fig. 2). 이들 43개 중 42개 시험성적서가 외국에서 2000 mg/kg bw 투여로 생산된 자료였으며, 국내 기준에 따라 4000 mg/kg bw 투여 시 저독성으로 분류될 가능성이 있는 제품이었다. GHS 분류체계에 따른 제품의 급성경구독성과 급성경피독성을 비교하였을 때 0.2% (1/511)만 급성경구독성 5급 또는 분류되지 않음이었으나 급성경피독성 4급으로 분류되어 급성경피독성이 더 강하게 판정되었고(Fig. 3), 원제의 경우 급성경구독성 5급 또는 분류되지 않음이면서 급성경피독성 4급으로 분류되는 경우는 없었다(Fig. 4). 이러한 점들을 고려하였을 때 급성경구독성 저독성 또는 5급/분류되지 않음으로 구분될 때, 급성경피독성 시험을 면제하거나 대체하되 피부자극성 자료, GHS 가산식(additivity formula) 결과 등을 제출해야 한다는 구체적인 조건을 검토할 필요가 있다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업과학기술 연구개발사업 (과제번호: PJ011785022018)의 지원에 의해 수행되었으며 이에 감사드립니다.
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